Conservative terrorism
Conservative terrorism is a type of terrorism,[1] associated with state loyal terrorism,[2] that is carried out by militants intending to eliminate threats which they believe should have been eliminated by a state's security forces.[1] A conservative terrorist group is one which uses terrorism in order to defend the existing order or to gain a reversion to an earlier arrangement.[3]
According to American counterinsurgency expert Major Erik A. Claessen,
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Research shows that members of conservative terrorist movements were psychologically healthy and enjoyed strong support from their families and communities. By contrast, members of progressive terrorist organizations often balanced on the edge of insanity and lived in isolation. . . . Conservative terrorist movements enjoy a clear advantage over progressive ones because their members can combine involvement in a terrorist campaign with normal family life. . . .[4]
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On the other hand, it has also been noted that conservative terrorists are less likely to attract female participants than left-wing terrorist groups.[5] RAND analysts Kim Cragin and Sara Daly believe that left-wing groups are also "more likely to allow women to fight and take on operation roles as a reflection of societies' expectation of women's roles in general."[5]
Groups described as conservative terrorist organizations include a number of organizations formed to supposedly combat communists in Colombia and the pro-British groups in Northern Ireland.[6]
According to international relations scholar C. J. M. Drake, the Contras, a conservative terrorist group, were supplied with weapons by the United States in order to fight the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua.[7]
In the United States
Conservative terrorist groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan[8] and the White League[9], have been active in the United States, as in the period when conservative terrorist groups intimidated voters during the Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War in the American South.[10] Conservative terrorist activities during this period in United States history frequently involved murder, as in the case of African Americans killed in retaliation for their political activity.[11]
In Brazil
Command of Communist Hunting was active in the years of Brazilian military dictatorship.
See also
References
- ^ a b Drake, C. J. M. (1996). "The phenomenon of conservative terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence Volume 8, Issue 3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 29-46. DOI: 10.1080/09546559608427362.
- ^ Jan Oskar Engene, Terrorism in Western Europe, p. 41.
- ^ Drake, C. J. M. (1998). Terrorists' target selection. London: Palgrave Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-312-21197-X.
- ^ Claessen, Erik A. (2010). Stalemate: An anatomy of conflicts between democracies, Islamists, and Muslim autocrats. Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO. pp. 14-15. ISBN 9780313384448.
- ^ a b Cragin, Kim, and Sara A. Daly (2009). Women as terrorists: mothers, recruiters, and martyrs. Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN 9780275989095.
- ^ Drake, C. J. M. (1998). Terrorists' target selection. London: Palgrave Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-312-21197-X.
- ^ Drake, C. J. M. (1998). Terrorists' target selection. London: Palgrave Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-312-21197-X.
- ^ Allerfeldt, Kristofer (2011). Crime and the rise of modern America: a history from 1865-1941. London: Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 9780415800440.
- ^ Horton, James Oliver & Lois E. Horton (2005). Slavery and the making of America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780195179033.
- ^ Kaczorowski, Robert J. (2005). The politics of judicial interpretation: the federal courts, Department of Justice, and civil rights, 1866-1876. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780823223824.
- ^ Rose, Willie Lee Nichols, and William W. Freehling (1982). Slavery and freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780195029697.